What is an endometrial biopsy?
An endometrial biopsy is a procedure in which a doctor takes a small sample of the endometrium, the lining of the uterus, to examine it under a microscope. A thin, flexible tube is passed through the cervix to collect the tissue, usually in a clinic in a few minutes. It helps explain abnormal bleeding and checks for thickening or cancer.
Why it is done
- Bleeding after menopause
- Very heavy or irregular bleeding, especially over age 45
- A thickened lining seen on ultrasound
- Checking for endometrial hyperplasia (overgrowth), sometimes linked to long-term unopposed estrogen
- Some infertility investigations
What happens
You lie as you would for cervical screening. A speculum is inserted, then a thin straw-like tube (often called a pipelle) goes through the cervical os into the uterus to draw up a little lining. It takes a few minutes. Most people feel cramping, from mild to strong, which usually settles within a day.
| Tip | Why |
|---|---|
| Take ibuprofen about an hour before, if it suits you | can ease the cramps |
| Ask for a pause or pain relief at any time | you are in control |
| Bring a pad | light spotting for a few days is common |
Results
Results usually take one to two weeks. Most show normal or benign changes, such as a lining in the expected stage of the cycle, polyps or hormonal imbalance. Some show hyperplasia or, less often, cancer, which is why a biopsy is offered for warning bleeding. See endometrium.
After the biopsy, contact a doctor if you have heavy bleeding, fever, or pain that gets worse rather than better. These may signal infection.
Frequently asked questions
Does an endometrial biopsy hurt?
It is usually uncomfortable for a short time, with period-like cramps. Experiences vary, and you can ask about pain relief beforehand.
Can I have one during my period?
Often yes, though some clinics prefer certain cycle days. Your doctor will advise.
Sources
This page is for information only and isn鈥檛 medical advice. If something worries you, please talk to a doctor.
Keep reading
Endometrium: definition and meaningThe endometrium is the inner lining of the uterus that thickens each cycle and sheds as your period. How it changes by phase and what thickness means.Heavy menstrual bleeding: definition and meaningHeavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia) is period bleeding that disrupts daily life. Signs your flow is heavy, common causes, and when to see a doctor.
Menopause: definition and meaningMenopause is the point 12 months after your last period, usually around age 51. What it means, how it differs from perimenopause, and common symptoms.
Heavy periods: what counts as heavy and what helpsHow to tell if you have heavy periods: soaking a pad every hour or two, clots, bleeding over 7 days. Causes, treatments that work, and when to get help.
Uterus: definition and meaningThe uterus, or womb, is where a period comes from and where a pregnancy grows. Its parts, how it changes each cycle, and common conditions that affect it.