Toxic shock syndrome (TSS): definition and meaning
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a rare but life-threatening condition caused by toxins released by certain bacteria, usually Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus. It can affect anyone, but some cases are linked to tampons or other internal period products left in too long. It causes sudden fever, rash, low blood pressure and needs emergency treatment.
What causes TSS
Some strains of bacteria that normally live harmlessly on the skin or in the vagina can, in the right conditions, release toxins into the bloodstream. A high-absorbency tampon left in for a long time is one such condition. TSS can also follow skin wounds, burns, surgery or childbirth, and it can affect people who don't menstruate.
Symptoms to know
- Sudden high fever, 39掳C (102掳F) or above
- A rash that looks like sunburn, often on the palms and soles
- Vomiting or diarrhea
- Dizziness, fainting or feeling confused
- Muscle aches, headache, red eyes or mouth
- Flu-like symptoms that get worse quickly
If you have these symptoms while using a tampon, menstrual cup or menstrual disc, remove it and call emergency services or go to an emergency department straight away. Say you have been using one. TSS can get worse within hours, and fast treatment saves lives.
How to lower your risk
- Use the lowest-absorbency tampon that works for your flow.
- Change tampons every 4 to 8 hours; empty and clean cups and discs as the maker advises.
- Alternate with pads or period underwear, especially overnight.
- If you have had TSS before, ask your doctor before using internal products again.
TSS is rare: in the US, menstrual TSS affects roughly 1 in 100,000 people who menstruate each year. Read more in what is TSS and how often to change a tampon.
Frequently asked questions
Can you get TSS from a menstrual cup?
It is very rare, but cases have been reported. Follow the cleaning and wear-time advice for your cup or disc.
How quickly does TSS develop?
Symptoms can start suddenly and progress within hours, which is why fast medical care matters.
Sources
- NHS: Toxic shock syndrome
- MedlinePlus: Toxic shock syndrome
- FDA: The facts on tampons and how to use them safely
This page is for information only and isn鈥檛 medical advice. If something worries you, please talk to a doctor.
Keep reading
What is toxic shock syndrome (TSS)?Toxic shock syndrome is rare but serious. Learn the TSS symptoms, how tampons and cups are linked, and the FDA rules on change times and absorbency.
Tampon: definition and meaningWhat a tampon is, how absorbency levels work, how often to change one, and how to lower the rare risk of toxic shock syndrome (TSS). Plain answers.Menstrual cup: definition and meaningA menstrual cup is a reusable silicone cup worn inside the vagina to collect period blood. How it works, how long you can wear it, and safety tips.
How often should you change a tampon?How often should you change a tampon? Every 4 to 8 hours, never more than 8, per the FDA. Picking absorbency, sleeping in one, and signs of TSS to know.Reusable period products: definition and meaningReusable period products, like cups, discs, period underwear and cloth pads, are washed and used again. How each works, costs, safety and how to choose.